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Category: Projects

Designing a Wide-Input Buck Converter for 24 V Industrial Rails

A design note for a step-down stage that must accept a wide industrial input and its transients: topology choice, the component roles, and the layout rules that decide whether it meets its ratings.

I2C Bus Design Notes: Pull-Ups, Capacitance and Level Shifting

I2C looks like two wires and a resistor. A design note on what actually limits the bus: total capacitance, pull-up sizing against the standard’s modes, and shifting between voltage domains.

EMC-Aware PCB Layout Notes: Return Paths, Grounding and Filter Placement

Most EMC problems are decided before the board is sent out, in the return path and the filter placement. A design note on the layout decisions that a schematic cannot express.